Translation for 'homoplasy' from English to Russian

homoplasy

гомоплазия {ж}биол.

• Immunological, cytogenetical, enzyme electrophoresis studies, and DNA-based approaches have demonstrated extensive homoplasy in anatomical characters.
• Therefore, it is often the case that researchers are forced to compromise by developing trees that simply try to minimize homoplasy, finding a maximum-cardinality set of compatible characters, or constructing phylogenies that match as closely as possible to the partitions implied by the characters.
• In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more taxa for any reason other than that they share a common ancestry.
• In phylogenetic and clustering analyses, LBA is a result of the way clustering algorithms work: terminals or taxa with many autapomorphies (character states unique to a single branch) may by chance exhibit the same states as those on another branch (homoplasy).
• -- as represented in the Reports of the two (1784) French Royal Commissions on "Animal Magnetism" -- they had, to use a biological analogy, mistakenly identified what is a clear case of "homoplasy" (i.e., similar entities that have descended from an entirely separate lineage) as a case of "homology" (i.e., similar entities that have descended from a common ancestor).

• A step relevant to the evaluation of morphology between traits/features within species, includes an assessment of the terms: homology and homoplasy.
• Some studies suggest a high amount of homoplasy in foraminifera, and that neither agglutinated nor calcareous foraminifera form monophyletic groupings.
• In the case of DNA sequences, homoplasy is very common due to the redundancy of the genetic code.
• If we consider the distribution of some character that disagrees with the species tree it might reflect homoplasy (multiple independent origins of the character or a single origin followed by multiple losses) or it could reflect hemiplasy (a single origin of the trait that is associated with a gene tree that disagrees with the species tree).
• The configurations of the middle ears of monotreme and therian mammals can thus be interpreted as convergent evolution or homoplasy.

• However, cladistic analyses based on molecular data have suggested a high amount of homoplasy, and that the division between psamminids and stannomids is not well supported.
• The high degree of homoplasy in morphological characters and frequent low variability has led to the description of approximately 800 species names available in the literature, of which 250 are likely to be valid.
• This measures the amount of homoplasy observed on a tree relative to the maximum amount of homoplasy that could theoretically be present – 1 − (observed homoplasy excess) / (maximum homoplasy excess).
• The first attempt to implement such a technique was by Farris (1969), The first time a character changes state on a tree, this state change is given the weight '1'; subsequent changes are less 'expensive' and are given smaller weights as the characters tendency for homoplasy becomes more apparent.